CONDOR TALES

CALIFORNIA CONDOR: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

 

NINE FEET FROM TIP TO TIP
The Stories Behind the Specimens: A Few Examples

Sanford R. "Sandy" Wilbur
June 2009

To date, my compilation of California condor mortality records stands at 402 individual reports. The information I have on each varies from a word or two on a specimen label, to very detailed field notes on the bird's capture, to a half-dozen different book and newspaper accounts of the condor's capture and history. Below are a few rough draft examples of what I have. I'm in the process of gathering more specific information, to answer questions raised in my initial compilations.

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RECORD NUMBER: 2.
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed (shot) for scientific collection
DATE OF RECORD: 18 November 1805
LOCATION: Columbia River area near Cape Disappointment, Pacific County, Washington
COLLECTOR: Reubin Fields, Lewis and Clark Expedition
RESULT: The skull and one primary feather of this bird were preserved, and were displayed at Peale's Museum, Baltimore, Maryland. The specimens may no longer exist.
DETAILS: adult

REFERENCE:
Moulton, G. E. (editor). 2002. The journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Thirteen volumes, 5,302 pages.
Procedure on the Lewis and Clark Expedition was for a number of the participants to keep diaries, and to copy one another's diaries, to make certain that all pertinent information was recorded somewhere. Therefore, considerable repetition occurs, but also some diaries were more original, and provide additional information. Diarists and others cited in the journals: Captain Meriwether Lewis; Second Lieutenant William Clark; Sergeant Patrick Gass; Sergeant John Ordway; Privates Joseph Field and Reubin Field; Private Francois Labiche; and Private Joseph Whitehouse.

[William Clark]. "Rubin Fields Killed Buzzard of the large Kind near the meat of the whale we Saw: W. 25 lb. measured from the tips of the wings across 912 feet, from the point of the Bill to the end of the tail 3 feet 10 14 inches, middle toe 5 12 inches, toe nale 1 inch & 3 12 lines, wing feather 2 12 feet long & 1 inch 5 lines diameter tale feathers 14 12 inches, and the head is 6 12 inches including the beak."
[ John Ordway] "One of the party killed a very large turkey buzzard which had white under its wings, and was nine feet from the points of the wings, and 3 feet 10 Inches in length, and every way proportioned."
[Patrick Gass]. "They killed a remarkably large buzzard of a species different from any I had seen. It was 9 feet across the wings, and 3 feet 10 inches from the bill to the tail."
[Joseph Whitehouse] "They also had seen among them a Sturgeon which was about 8 feet long & had killed a very large uncommon sized bird.- This bird had the resemblance of a Buzzard, it measured 9 feet from the point of one of its wings to the point of the other wing, the body was 3 feet 10 Inches in length, & the head & neck 67 Inches long & was white under its wings."

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RECORD NUMBER: 13.
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed (shot?), for scientific collection
DATE OF RECORD: winter 1836-1837
LOCATION: near Monterey, Monterey County, California
COLLECTOR: Ferdinand Deppe
RESULT: Specimen saved, now a mounted specimen in the collection of Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany
DETAILS: adult female

REFERENCES:
A. Letter of 15 June 1971 to Sanford Wilbur from Dr. G. Mauersberger, Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
"We have one (mounted) specimen of the California Condor the label of which has been damaged during World War II. Still, I can read that it is a female from California and it must be the bird mentioned by H. Lichtenstein (1839, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1838, p. 417-451: Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von Californien bebst Bemerkungen über die Artkennzeichen der Pelicane und über einige Vögel von den Sandwich-Inseln). According to this report I can add some details. The bird was obtained by F. Deppe (who has done much collecting also in Mexico and on Oahu, Hawaii) between November,1836 and January, 1837 near Monterey. Deppe noted that this vulture can be found in the mountain range (cordillera) close and parallel to the coast of New California."

B. Correspondence 31 July 2008 from Dr. S. Frahnert, Curator of Birds, Museum fuer Naturkende Berlin, to S. R. Wilbur.
"We still have this individual [condor] and it is the only one in our collection."

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RECORD NUMBER: 77
TYPE OF LOSS: condor shot, for museum collection
DATE OF RECORD: October 1884
LOCATION: Jolon, Monterey County, California
COLLECTOR: probably F. B. McCormack, for H. W. Henshaw
RESULT: current location of specimen unknown, possibly not saved
DETAILS: unknown sex and age

REFERENCES:
A. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for the year ending 30 June 1884, page 402: the Museum received 2 condors from H. W. Henshaw.

B. From U. S. National Museum accession records (information from Ellen Alers, Assistant Archivist, 30 October 2008):
U. S. National Museum Accession Card: accession no. 15484, 20 December 1884, 1 box specimens of bird skins from California, containing 2 skins of the California Vulture (Pseudogryphus californianus), loaned to the Museum by Mr. Henshaw - for exhibition in the Mounted Collection."

C. Henshaw, H. W. 1920. Autobiographical notes. Condor 22(1):7-10.
"Though I kept a sharp look-out for the bird [California condor], it was not until several years later (1884) that I enjoyed the sight of a live vulture. While at the San Antonio Mission, in what is now Monterey County, September 27, engaged on Indian work, I saw four individuals circling about high in air and a notable sight they were. Finding that they were still not uncommon in the region I hired a hunter to obtain specimens, and in a few days was gratified by the possession of three. Two of them I weighed and measured. One weighed twenty pounds, and had a spread of wing of eight feet, nine inches; the other weighed twenty-three pounds with a spread of nine feet one inch."

D. Ridgway, R. 1885. Remarks on the California vulture (Pseudogryphus californianus). Auk 2(2):167-169.
"The only two examples [of California condors] now in the National Museum, both young birds, each possess but twelve retrices, as do also two fine adults in Mr. Henshaw's collection The two adult Californian Vultures in Mr. Henshaw's collection, both measured and weighed by Mr. Henshaw before skinning, were males."

COMMENTS: Although Henshaw (Reference A) described obtaining three California condors, he only reported weighing and measuring two. Similarly, Ridgway (Reference B) mentioned only two condors in Henshaw's collection. Perhaps the third was not preserved.
The two "loaned" Henshaw specimens are not acknowledged in the current National Museum database, and there don't seem to be any specimens with only partial data that could be them. If they were a true "loan," and not a "permanent loan," then Henshaw presumably took them back at some time, and they ended up elsewhere.

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RECORD NUMBER: 214
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed, reason unknown
DATE OF RECORD: before 1900
LOCATION: Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County, California
COLLECTOR: unknown
RESULT: early history unknown; was displayed in the Del Monte saloon (1 Grant, San Francisco) prior to April 1900, when it was presented to the Golden Gate Memorial Museum (San Francisco, California). Its later history is uncertain, but other California condors from the Memorial Museum were put eventually placed on permanent loan to the California Academy of Sciences. This could be mounted adult specimen CAS ORN 95647.
DETAILS: none.

REFERENCES:
A. Anonymous. 1900. California condor. San Francisco Call ( San Francisco, California), 4 April 1900.
"W. F. Roeder has presented to the Golden Gate Memorial Museum the beautiful specimen of California condor which has attracted so much attention at his place, 1 Grant avenue. The bird was found in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With wings outspread the distance from tip to tip measured nine feet six inches. The work of the taxidermist in preserving the specimen in creditable. The condor was conveyed to the museum yesterday by order of C. P. Walcomb, curator.

COMMENT: William F. Roeder, born New York 28 October 1860, died 8 January 1940; his parents were from Germany. He lived on Turk Street in San Francisco with his family, and ran a saloon, The Del Monte, at 1 Grant Street, identified as Caley and Roeder. So, "the place" where the condor was displayed was at the Del Monte.
It is possible that this was the condor described shot in Santa Cruz County in 1894 (Record Number 136).

B. California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco, California) specimen database (2008).
CAS ORN 95647: mounted specimen, adult; no other information.

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RECORD NUMBER: 242
TYPE OF LOSS: young condor taken from nest, probably for personal pet, initially; later, sold to zoo.
DATE OF RECORD: summer 1902
LOCATION: Manzana Creek, San Rafael Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California.
COLLECTOR: Hiram P. Wells, George Stillwell
RESULT: Collector kept the young bird for six months, then sold it to the National Zoo (Washington, D. C.). It died almost immediately, and was given to the U. S. National Museum (study skin USNM 188797).
DETAILS: immature female

REFERENCES:
A. Smithsonian Institution Archives, National Zoo specimen records
Catalogue #4839 - received at Zoo 21 December 1902, from C. U. Armstrong, Santa Maria, California, purchased (no price given); died 9 January 1903, of persistent diarrhea; "in poor condition when received, weighed 10-1/2 lbs." To U. S. National Museum, Tag 400.

B. U. S. National Museum (Washington, D. C.) specimen database 2008.
USNM 188797: collected 9 January 1903; no location given; collector C. V. [sic] Armstrong; female; whole skin.

C. Information from Richard C. Banks (U. S. National Museum) 28 January 1971.
Skin 188797, female, National Zoological Park; died January 9, 1903; "rec'd from C. U. Armstrong from Santa Maria, California. Died on arrival at N.Z.P."

D. Anonymous. 1902. Live condor caught back of Santa Maria. Times (Los Angeles, California), 15 July 1902, page A4.
"Condor Captured.--Hiram Wells, a rancher living far back in the mountains, captured a young condor. The little bird is unable to fly, but is rapidly taking on size. The wings measure about three feet from tip to tip, and the bird itself resembles a large turkey. A good-sized rabbit or four or five squirrels are required to make a meal for the youngster, who, upon the approach of any one, excepting its owner, shows fight at once. On finding the bird in its nest, Wells had a struggle with the old bird, but succeeded in warding it off."

E. Anonymous. 1902. Capture Young Condor. Mercury News (San Jose, California), 22 September 1902, page 3.
"George Stillwell of this city [San Jose] and Harvey [sic] Wells of Santa Barbara county captured a young condor while on a hunting trip in the wilds of the State park in Santa Barbara county. The men had a thrilling struggle with the old bird, who made a desperate attempt to protect her young."

F. Koford, C. B. 1940. California condor species accounts. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (Berkeley, California).
27 July 1940, Temblor Range, San Luis Obispo County. "[I visited] the Wells ranch about 18 miles from the Maricopa Highway. I drove in and was welcomed by Mr. Hiram Wells & his large group of relations, & I dined with them. Wells is a well preserved good natured active old grandfather, & was very glad to talk. He used to own the country around the head of Manzana Creek & South Fork, & he lived there up to about 1898. He had taken (in 1897) a downy condor chick from a pothole in a small cliff in Manzana Canyon near the S. side of Bald Mt. The youngster hissed, but it did not put up a fight, & Wells carried it home in his arms. As the bird was panting, Mrs. Wells set a pan of water in front of it, & the youngster threw up. At first the chick had to have its head put in the water to drink, & the food had to be put in its mouth. This chick was kept for six months before it was sold to the National Museum in living condition (to N. Y. Zoo I believe). [NOTE: Wells was correct; it was sold to the National Zoo.] The Wells then lived at Oceano for a year, at another place 9 years, & then here near Caliente Mt. The young bird drank exactly like a pigeon, said Mrs. Wells. It kept its bill in the water & drank then tilted its head and then put head in water again if it wanted more. It was fed on skinned squirrels at first, then on jackrabbits and deer liver. It would not eat tainted meat at all. If given an unskinned rabbit, it would start on the flank said Wells. It would catch Black Malaga grapes thrown to it, & would take meat from the hand on the fly, said Wells. When he took a wagon trip, the condor often rode alongside him. When Wells went on horseback, the condor would circle over him & follow along, occasionally alighting nearby. Often they had to keep it tied to prevent its following Wells, he said. Once the youngster punched about 300 holes in a tarp over a haystack, said Wells, as if in play. It was named 'Billy Williams.' Sometimes the bird would pluck at his son's suspenders, but it never hurt the child. It would sometimes leap at a puppy & strike it with both feet & both wings, & knock the dog off of the roof. This youngster spread 11' 9", said Mrs. Wells - later, she said 10' ll". People attributed its great size to the fact that it was fed so much, said Mrs. Wells. It could fly anywhere after they had it six months, Mr. Wells said. It was of a dark bluish gray down when Wells first got it - about 2 months old, probably. Mrs. Wells showed me two photos of this [_____] where they had placed it - one photo was excellent. The 'crop' of the youngster bulged greatly when it was full, Wells said. The nest was about NE of Zaca Peak in Manzana Canyon, & in a rather small cliff, not one of the long ledges, Wells said..."

COMMENT: Wells did not remember the collection year correctly, or Koford transcribed it improperly. There is no question this condor was acquired in 1902. No condor was at the National Zoo before 1900. Koford thought the bird might have gone to the Bronx Zoo, rather than the National Zoo, but the earliest bird at the Bronx Zoo arrived in 1905. The Philadelphia Zoological Garden received two condors in 1896, but they are known to have been taken from nests in Monterey County.

G. Wilcox, A. 1903. The California vulture. Western Field 2(4):217-219.
"I assisted in the capture of one [California condor] last May [1902]. A piece of canvas was thrown in the nest and as he seized one end of it he was caught by the neck and dragged from the nest. This bird grew to maturity and is in the National Museum at Washington, D. C."

H. Letter 6 October 1902 from C. U. Armstrong (Santa Maria, California) to W. Lee Chambers (Santa Monica, California). In Willie Chambers papers, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California, BANC MSS 67/131c.
"I have a live condor which is now about five weeks old, can fly, is perfectly tame, and weighs about forty pounds; is in good healthy condition and has a voracious appetite. I would take pleasure in sending same to you for $100.00. Two or three parties have offered me $75.00 but the owner does not care to part with it for that price."

I. Anonymous. 1902. Condor in captivity. Times (Los Angeles, California), 18 December 1902.
"A fine specimen of live condor was shipped to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington this week by C. U. Armstrong of this city. The condor was captured by Hiram Wells, a rancher who has a claim in the mountains on the Upper Sisquoc River. The bird was taken when only a few weeks old, and is comparatively tame, permitting itself to be handled by the owner. The bird is nearly four feet high, and is one of the finest specimens ever seen here."

J. Rouse, S. H. 1977. Olden days in Santa Barbara: 75 years ago. News-Press (Santa Barbara, California), 23 December 1977, page B-10.
"Dec. 23, 1902-A fine specimen of a live condor was shipped to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington last week by C. U. Armstrong of Santa Maria. The condor was captured by Hiram Wells on the Sisquoc Range last spring when he was so small that he could hardly fly. By good care Mr. Wells managed to raise him so that now he is larger than many good-sized eagles. This is the second animal of the species to be sent to the Smithsonian from California, the first being a full-grown bird sent from Orange County some 15 years ago, that measured over nine feet from tip to tip. The bird was injured and could not fly. It is now mounted in Washington."

K. Tognazzini, W. N. 2003. 100 Years ago 1903: January 1, 1903 through December 31, 1903, from the San Luis Obispo "Morning Tribune". San Luis Obispo, California: self-published.
From the San Luis Obispo (California) "Morning Tribune," week of 30 March 1903 to 5 April 1903: "A CALIFORNIA VULTURE.--A California vulture in a cage attracted a great deal of attention at the depot yesterday afternoon. The bird was a monster and clawed viciously at everyone who came near. A notice on the cage warned people to keep away.
"The vulture or condor, as some call them, was being shipped by Mr. Wilcox of Maplehurst from Arroyo Grande, to John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., and the value of the bird as marked on the express tag is $100.
"Such birds are occasionally in this vicinity, and recently one of the same species was sent to the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, D. C., for which $75 was received."

L. Anonymous. 1903. News and gossip of the Government departments: National Museum. The Times (Washington, D. C), 12 January 1903, page 9.
"Prof. Ridgway, curator of the bird department, has received the body of a California condor from the Zoo. It is of unusual size, measuring eight feet seven and one-half inches across, with wings spread. Prof. Ridgway considers this a very great loss in the Zoo, as this species is very scarce and difficult to procure. Ten years ago thousands flew over California and devoured whatever dead animals fell in their way. Later on, when the bears and the wolves gave the stockmen much trouble, the condors were almost exterminated by eating the poisoned carcasses which were put out to entrap the ravaging animals.
"There are only two of the California condors left at the Zoo."

M. Anonymous. 1903. News and gossip of the Government departments: National Museum. Times (Washington, D. C.), 14 January 1903, page 9.
"The California condor, which the museum received from the Zoo last week, has been properly prepared and will be kept there until there is a place in the collection."

 

Preface - Dead Condors

Introduction - Condor 101

Chapter 1 - Condors and Indians

Chapter 2 - Early Birds?

Chapter 3 - Menzies' Condor

Chapter 4 - Lost on the Columbia

Chapter 5 - Discovering California

Chapter 6 - Random Shots

Chapter 7 - Dr.Taylor of Monterey

Chapter 8 - Dr. Canfield

Appendix I - Current Locations of California Condor Specimens

Appendix II - Condor Questions I am still Asking

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