To date, my compilation of California
condor mortality records stands at 402 individual reports.
The information I have on each varies from a word or two on a
specimen label, to very detailed field notes on the bird's capture,
to a half-dozen different book and newspaper accounts of the condor's
capture and history. Below are a few rough draft examples of what
I have. I'm in the process of gathering more specific information,
to answer questions raised in my initial compilations.
RECORD NUMBER: 2.
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed (shot) for scientific collection
DATE OF RECORD: 18 November 1805
LOCATION: Columbia River area near Cape Disappointment, Pacific
County, Washington
COLLECTOR: Reubin Fields, Lewis and Clark Expedition
RESULT: The skull and one primary feather of this bird were preserved,
and were displayed at Peale's Museum, Baltimore, Maryland. The
specimens may no longer exist.
DETAILS: adult
REFERENCE:
Moulton, G. E. (editor). 2002. The journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Thirteen
volumes, 5,302 pages.
Procedure on the Lewis and Clark Expedition was for a number of
the participants to keep diaries, and to copy one another's diaries,
to make certain that all pertinent information was recorded somewhere.
Therefore, considerable repetition occurs, but also some diaries
were more original, and provide additional information. Diarists
and others cited in the journals: Captain Meriwether Lewis; Second
Lieutenant William Clark; Sergeant Patrick Gass; Sergeant John
Ordway; Privates Joseph Field and Reubin Field; Private Francois
Labiche; and Private Joseph Whitehouse.
[William Clark]. "Rubin Fields
Killed Buzzard of the large Kind near the meat of the whale we
Saw: W. 25 lb. measured from the tips of the wings across 912
feet, from the point of the Bill to the end of the tail 3 feet
10 14 inches, middle toe 5 12 inches, toe nale 1 inch & 3
12 lines, wing feather 2 12 feet long & 1 inch 5 lines diameter
tale feathers 14 12 inches, and the head is 6 12 inches including
the beak."
[ John Ordway] "One of the party killed a very large turkey
buzzard which had white under its wings, and was nine feet from
the points of the wings, and 3 feet 10 Inches in length, and every
way proportioned."
[Patrick Gass]. "They killed a remarkably large buzzard of
a species different from any I had seen. It was 9 feet across
the wings, and 3 feet 10 inches from the bill to the tail."
[Joseph Whitehouse] "They also had seen among them a Sturgeon
which was about 8 feet long & had killed a very large uncommon
sized bird.- This bird had the resemblance of a Buzzard, it measured
9 feet from the point of one of its wings to the point of the
other wing, the body was 3 feet 10 Inches in length, & the
head & neck 67 Inches long & was white under its wings."
RECORD NUMBER: 13.
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed (shot?), for scientific collection
DATE OF RECORD: winter 1836-1837
LOCATION: near Monterey, Monterey County, California
COLLECTOR: Ferdinand Deppe
RESULT: Specimen saved, now a mounted specimen in the collection
of Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany
DETAILS: adult female
REFERENCES:
A. Letter of 15 June 1971 to Sanford Wilbur from Dr. G. Mauersberger,
Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
"We have one (mounted) specimen of the California Condor
the label of which has been damaged during World War II. Still,
I can read that it is a female from California and it must be
the bird mentioned by H. Lichtenstein (1839, Abh. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin 1838, p. 417-451: Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von
Californien bebst Bemerkungen über die Artkennzeichen der
Pelicane und über einige Vögel von den Sandwich-Inseln).
According to this report I can add some details. The bird was
obtained by F. Deppe (who has done much collecting also in Mexico
and on Oahu, Hawaii) between November,1836 and January, 1837 near
Monterey. Deppe noted that this vulture can be found in the mountain
range (cordillera) close and parallel to the coast of New California."
B. Correspondence 31 July 2008
from Dr. S. Frahnert, Curator of Birds, Museum fuer Naturkende
Berlin, to S. R. Wilbur.
"We still have this individual [condor] and it is the only
one in our collection."
RECORD NUMBER: 77
TYPE OF LOSS: condor shot, for museum collection
DATE OF RECORD: October 1884
LOCATION: Jolon, Monterey County, California
COLLECTOR: probably F. B. McCormack, for H. W. Henshaw
RESULT: current location of specimen unknown, possibly not saved
DETAILS: unknown sex and age
REFERENCES:
A. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for the year ending 30
June 1884, page 402: the Museum received 2 condors from H. W.
Henshaw.
B. From U. S. National Museum
accession records (information from Ellen Alers, Assistant Archivist,
30 October 2008):
U. S. National Museum Accession Card: accession no. 15484, 20
December 1884, 1 box specimens of bird skins from California,
containing 2 skins of the California Vulture (Pseudogryphus
californianus), loaned to the Museum by Mr. Henshaw - for
exhibition in the Mounted Collection."
C. Henshaw, H. W. 1920. Autobiographical
notes. Condor 22(1):7-10.
"Though I kept a sharp look-out for the bird [California
condor], it was not until several years later (1884) that I enjoyed
the sight of a live vulture. While at the San Antonio Mission,
in what is now Monterey County, September 27, engaged on Indian
work, I saw four individuals circling about high in air and a
notable sight they were. Finding that they were still not uncommon
in the region I hired a hunter to obtain specimens, and in a few
days was gratified by the possession of three. Two of them I weighed
and measured. One weighed twenty pounds, and had a spread of wing
of eight feet, nine inches; the other weighed twenty-three pounds
with a spread of nine feet one inch."
D. Ridgway, R. 1885. Remarks on
the California vulture (Pseudogryphus californianus). Auk
2(2):167-169.
"The only two examples [of California condors] now in the
National Museum, both young birds, each possess but twelve retrices,
as do also two fine adults in Mr. Henshaw's collection The two
adult Californian Vultures in Mr. Henshaw's collection, both measured
and weighed by Mr. Henshaw before skinning, were males."
COMMENTS: Although Henshaw (Reference
A) described obtaining three California condors, he only reported
weighing and measuring two. Similarly, Ridgway (Reference B) mentioned
only two condors in Henshaw's collection. Perhaps the third was
not preserved.
The two "loaned" Henshaw specimens are not acknowledged
in the current National Museum database, and there don't seem
to be any specimens with only partial data that could be them.
If they were a true "loan," and not a "permanent
loan," then Henshaw presumably took them back at some time,
and they ended up elsewhere.
RECORD NUMBER: 214
TYPE OF LOSS: condor killed, reason unknown
DATE OF RECORD: before 1900
LOCATION: Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County, California
COLLECTOR: unknown
RESULT: early history unknown; was displayed in the Del Monte
saloon (1 Grant, San Francisco) prior to April 1900, when it was
presented to the Golden Gate Memorial Museum (San Francisco, California).
Its later history is uncertain, but other California condors from
the Memorial Museum were put eventually placed on permanent loan
to the California Academy of Sciences. This could be mounted adult
specimen CAS ORN 95647.
DETAILS: none.
REFERENCES:
A. Anonymous. 1900. California condor. San Francisco Call ( San
Francisco, California), 4 April 1900.
"W. F. Roeder has presented to the Golden Gate Memorial Museum
the beautiful specimen of California condor which has attracted
so much attention at his place, 1 Grant avenue. The bird was found
in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With wings outspread the distance
from tip to tip measured nine feet six inches. The work of the
taxidermist in preserving the specimen in creditable. The condor
was conveyed to the museum yesterday by order of C. P. Walcomb,
curator.
COMMENT: William F. Roeder, born
New York 28 October 1860, died 8 January 1940; his parents were
from Germany. He lived on Turk Street in San Francisco with his
family, and ran a saloon, The Del Monte, at 1 Grant Street, identified
as Caley and Roeder. So, "the place" where the condor
was displayed was at the Del Monte.
It is possible that this was the condor described shot in Santa
Cruz County in 1894 (Record Number 136).
B. California Academy of Sciences
(San Francisco, California) specimen database (2008).
CAS ORN 95647: mounted specimen, adult; no other information.
RECORD NUMBER: 242
TYPE OF LOSS: young condor taken from nest, probably for personal
pet, initially; later, sold to zoo.
DATE OF RECORD: summer 1902
LOCATION: Manzana Creek, San Rafael Mountains, Santa Barbara County,
California.
COLLECTOR: Hiram P. Wells, George Stillwell
RESULT: Collector kept the young bird for six months, then sold
it to the National Zoo (Washington, D. C.). It died almost immediately,
and was given to the U. S. National Museum (study skin USNM 188797).
DETAILS: immature female
REFERENCES:
A. Smithsonian Institution Archives, National Zoo specimen records
Catalogue #4839 - received at Zoo 21 December 1902, from C. U.
Armstrong, Santa Maria, California, purchased (no price given);
died 9 January 1903, of persistent diarrhea; "in poor condition
when received, weighed 10-1/2 lbs." To U. S. National Museum,
Tag 400.
B. U. S. National Museum (Washington,
D. C.) specimen database 2008.
USNM 188797: collected 9 January 1903; no location given; collector
C. V. [sic] Armstrong; female; whole skin.
C. Information from Richard C.
Banks (U. S. National Museum) 28 January 1971.
Skin 188797, female, National Zoological Park; died January 9,
1903; "rec'd from C. U. Armstrong from Santa Maria, California.
Died on arrival at N.Z.P."
D. Anonymous. 1902. Live condor
caught back of Santa Maria. Times (Los Angeles, California), 15
July 1902, page A4.
"Condor Captured.--Hiram Wells, a rancher living far back
in the mountains, captured a young condor. The little bird is
unable to fly, but is rapidly taking on size. The wings measure
about three feet from tip to tip, and the bird itself resembles
a large turkey. A good-sized rabbit or four or five squirrels
are required to make a meal for the youngster, who, upon the approach
of any one, excepting its owner, shows fight at once. On finding
the bird in its nest, Wells had a struggle with the old bird,
but succeeded in warding it off."
E. Anonymous. 1902. Capture Young
Condor. Mercury News (San Jose, California), 22 September 1902,
page 3.
"George Stillwell of this city [San Jose] and Harvey [sic]
Wells of Santa Barbara county captured a young condor while on
a hunting trip in the wilds of the State park in Santa Barbara
county. The men had a thrilling struggle with the old bird, who
made a desperate attempt to protect her young."
F. Koford, C. B. 1940. California
condor species accounts. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (Berkeley,
California).
27 July 1940, Temblor Range, San Luis Obispo County. "[I
visited] the Wells ranch about 18 miles from the Maricopa Highway.
I drove in and was welcomed by Mr. Hiram Wells & his large
group of relations, & I dined with them. Wells is a well preserved
good natured active old grandfather, & was very glad to talk.
He used to own the country around the head of Manzana Creek &
South Fork, & he lived there up to about 1898. He had taken
(in 1897) a downy condor chick from a pothole in a small cliff
in Manzana Canyon near the S. side of Bald Mt. The youngster hissed,
but it did not put up a fight, & Wells carried it home in
his arms. As the bird was panting, Mrs. Wells set a pan of water
in front of it, & the youngster threw up. At first the chick
had to have its head put in the water to drink, & the food
had to be put in its mouth. This chick was kept for six months
before it was sold to the National Museum in living condition
(to N. Y. Zoo I believe). [NOTE: Wells was correct; it was sold
to the National Zoo.] The Wells then lived at Oceano for a year,
at another place 9 years, & then here near Caliente Mt. The
young bird drank exactly like a pigeon, said Mrs. Wells. It kept
its bill in the water & drank then tilted its head and then
put head in water again if it wanted more. It was fed on skinned
squirrels at first, then on jackrabbits and deer liver. It would
not eat tainted meat at all. If given an unskinned rabbit, it
would start on the flank said Wells. It would catch Black Malaga
grapes thrown to it, & would take meat from the hand on the
fly, said Wells. When he took a wagon trip, the condor often rode
alongside him. When Wells went on horseback, the condor would
circle over him & follow along, occasionally alighting nearby.
Often they had to keep it tied to prevent its following Wells,
he said. Once the youngster punched about 300 holes in a tarp
over a haystack, said Wells, as if in play. It was named 'Billy
Williams.' Sometimes the bird would pluck at his son's suspenders,
but it never hurt the child. It would sometimes leap at a puppy
& strike it with both feet & both wings, & knock the
dog off of the roof. This youngster spread 11' 9", said Mrs.
Wells - later, she said 10' ll". People attributed its great
size to the fact that it was fed so much, said Mrs. Wells. It
could fly anywhere after they had it six months, Mr. Wells said.
It was of a dark bluish gray down when Wells first got it - about
2 months old, probably. Mrs. Wells showed me two photos of this
[_____] where they had placed it - one photo was excellent. The
'crop' of the youngster bulged greatly when it was full, Wells
said. The nest was about NE of Zaca Peak in Manzana Canyon, &
in a rather small cliff, not one of the long ledges, Wells said..."
COMMENT: Wells did not remember the collection year correctly, or Koford transcribed it improperly. There is no question this condor was acquired in 1902. No condor was at the National Zoo before 1900. Koford thought the bird might have gone to the Bronx Zoo, rather than the National Zoo, but the earliest bird at the Bronx Zoo arrived in 1905. The Philadelphia Zoological Garden received two condors in 1896, but they are known to have been taken from nests in Monterey County.
G. Wilcox, A. 1903. The California
vulture. Western Field 2(4):217-219.
"I assisted in the capture of one [California condor] last
May [1902]. A piece of canvas was thrown in the nest and as he
seized one end of it he was caught by the neck and dragged from
the nest. This bird grew to maturity and is in the National Museum
at Washington, D. C."
H. Letter 6 October 1902 from
C. U. Armstrong (Santa Maria, California) to W. Lee Chambers (Santa
Monica, California). In Willie Chambers papers, Bancroft Library,
Berkeley, California, BANC MSS 67/131c.
"I have a live condor which is now about five weeks old,
can fly, is perfectly tame, and weighs about forty pounds; is
in good healthy condition and has a voracious appetite. I would
take pleasure in sending same to you for $100.00. Two or three
parties have offered me $75.00 but the owner does not care to
part with it for that price."
I. Anonymous. 1902. Condor in
captivity. Times (Los Angeles, California), 18 December 1902.
"A fine specimen of live condor was shipped to the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington this week by C. U. Armstrong of this
city. The condor was captured by Hiram Wells, a rancher who has
a claim in the mountains on the Upper Sisquoc River. The bird
was taken when only a few weeks old, and is comparatively tame,
permitting itself to be handled by the owner. The bird is nearly
four feet high, and is one of the finest specimens ever seen here."
J. Rouse, S. H. 1977. Olden days
in Santa Barbara: 75 years ago. News-Press (Santa Barbara, California),
23 December 1977, page B-10.
"Dec. 23, 1902-A fine specimen of a live condor was shipped
to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington last week by C. U.
Armstrong of Santa Maria. The condor was captured by Hiram Wells
on the Sisquoc Range last spring when he was so small that he
could hardly fly. By good care Mr. Wells managed to raise him
so that now he is larger than many good-sized eagles. This is
the second animal of the species to be sent to the Smithsonian
from California, the first being a full-grown bird sent from Orange
County some 15 years ago, that measured over nine feet from tip
to tip. The bird was injured and could not fly. It is now mounted
in Washington."
K. Tognazzini, W. N. 2003. 100
Years ago 1903: January 1, 1903 through December 31, 1903, from
the San Luis Obispo "Morning Tribune". San Luis Obispo,
California: self-published.
From the San Luis Obispo (California) "Morning Tribune,"
week of 30 March 1903 to 5 April 1903: "A CALIFORNIA VULTURE.--A
California vulture in a cage attracted a great deal of attention
at the depot yesterday afternoon. The bird was a monster and clawed
viciously at everyone who came near. A notice on the cage warned
people to keep away.
"The vulture or condor, as some call them, was being shipped
by Mr. Wilcox of Maplehurst from Arroyo Grande, to John E. Thayer,
Lancaster, Mass., and the value of the bird as marked on the express
tag is $100.
"Such birds are occasionally in this vicinity, and recently
one of the same species was sent to the Smithsonian Institution
at Washington, D. C., for which $75 was received."
L. Anonymous. 1903. News and gossip
of the Government departments: National Museum. The Times (Washington,
D. C), 12 January 1903, page 9.
"Prof. Ridgway, curator of the bird department, has received
the body of a California condor from the Zoo. It is of unusual
size, measuring eight feet seven and one-half inches across, with
wings spread. Prof. Ridgway considers this a very great loss in
the Zoo, as this species is very scarce and difficult to procure.
Ten years ago thousands flew over California and devoured whatever
dead animals fell in their way. Later on, when the bears and the
wolves gave the stockmen much trouble, the condors were almost
exterminated by eating the poisoned carcasses which were put out
to entrap the ravaging animals.
"There are only two of the California condors left at the
Zoo."
M. Anonymous. 1903. News and gossip
of the Government departments: National Museum. Times (Washington,
D. C.), 14 January 1903, page 9.
"The California condor, which the museum received from the
Zoo last week, has been properly prepared and will be kept there
until there is a place in the collection."